What is African
literature, who decides what it is, who reads it, who reviews it, who is
African? These are questions that have been asked ad nauseum over the years. It
is a question that I believe the Caine Prize for African Writing has been
helping us answer over the last decade and a half. Not by ivory tower literary critics, but by
writers, story by story, sentence by sentence.
This year we have
looked at stories as diverse in style and theme as one can imagine, many of
which didn’t get shortlisted (at a point we despairingly asked the Director,
Lizzy Attree, if it is possible to enlarge the shortlist to six instead of
five). There was “Howl”, from A Memory This Size, about a learned dog, by former winner, Rotimi Babatunde, written in the folkloric tradition; there was “Calculus in the
Afternoon” from Kwani?, by Mehul Gohil, raw and heartfelt and beautifully written about an
Asian/African student in Australia; and there was the faultless and humorous “Bury
Babu on Sandy Bay” by Achmat Dangor; there was a strangely beautiful detective
story “Eloquent Notes on a Suicide” by Blessing Musariri; there were fantasy
stories about people disappearing into their computer screens, about strange
visitations by even stranger beings; there was a lot of sex, gay and straight,
and yes, this is all African fiction…
Looking at this
diversity and profusion of style and theme it feels strange to remember that
there was a time, and not too long ago, when some theorists tried to limit what
can or cannot be called African literature; some said a work can never be
African literature unless it is in an African language – and actually, people
like Ngugi wa Thiong’o still believe so. I wonder what people like Obi Wali,
the arch-proponent of ‘African literature in African languages only’ would say
now if they were to hear that there are writers who write their novels in
languages like Flemish and Italian and who unapologetically refer to themselves
as African writers. Clearly there is more to it than language and style – it is
most importantly about tradition.
Stories like “Chicken”,
by Efemia Chela, is clearly aware of this sense of tradition. It opens with a
family oriented, very African feast, and then moves on to a theme of exile and
loneliness in another land; and to such “unAfrican” themes as lesbianism and
the selling of the narrator’s eggs for money – perhaps the furthest it can get
from the family oriented opening section. But of course the story is about
survival away from the community, a bildungsroman
if you like, about the African traveling and surviving in the wider world, about
the African writer embracing other themes and acknowledging that the
traditional “African issues” alone no
longer suffice to define African writing.
Tendai Huchu’s
story of Zimbabwean exiles in London, "The Intervention", told with humor and lightness of touch, dealing with a
serious subject matter, continues what I call the “post-nationalist” theme. By
placing the African outside the boundaries of the continent, the story is challenging
the literary pass-laws that sought to restrict where African literature can go.
Not only that, it is also thematising and interrogating the notion of that most
colonial of constructs, the “nation”, itself.
Here one is made
strongly aware that a new generation of African writers is announcing itself
with fanfare. But we must always
remember that any new generation is nothing but an offshoot of that which came
before it. This new African literature is a culmination of certain historical
moments in Africa; it owes a lot to the overseas scholarship students in the
60s and 70s; the anti-intellectualisms of the military dictatorships in the 80s
which led to the brain drains of the 90s; all these led to a re-interpretation
of the word nation, to a larger understanding of the idea of tradition.
And so even though
less and less emphasis should be laid on the word ‘African’, and more and more
on whether a story is good or not, still, we must remember at the bottom of it
lies a certain tradition. The “literature” of Africa predates and supersedes
the invention of Africa, it was there in the Sundiata epic, in the Chaka epic,
in the ritual plays and Ijala chants
of the Yoruba, in the folktales and songs and historical narratives of the griots. It transcended city borders and
languages and political leanings; it defies simplistic definition. The
geographical term “Africa” cannot contain or limit it, it can only aspire to
describe certain salient aspects of it.
Of course every
writer is free to decide for himself or herself what they want to be called. A
lot have already declined the term “African”, preferring only to be called “writers”.
There are also those who question why their books should be in the African
authors section, calling it a “ghetto”.
These writers have already accepted and internalized the perception of
Africa as a ghetto. For me, where a book is placed in a bookstore is less
important than what is in the book; if it is a good book, people will make a
beaten path it. Things Fall Apart is
a fixture in the “Africa” section, and yet that doesn’t stop it from selling
over a hundred thousand copies yearly in America alone.
Of course with
some of these authors it becomes a matter of personality, or as TS Eliot
calls it in his essay, Tradition and the
Individual Talent, “emotions”. They
think: how dare you place me in the same section as these other writers,
clearly I am more talented, I am more complex, I am more European than African.
I was born in London and went to Cambridge and Oxford and I live in Rome,
surely I can’t be an African writer? Again, I say, it is a matter of choice. You
are not African because you are black, or because your parents came from an
African country, again to quote Eliot:
Tradition is a matter of much wider
significance. It cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by
great labour. It involves, in the first place, the historical sense... This
historical sense, which is a sense of the timeless as well as of the temporal
and of the timeless and of the temporal together, is what makes a writer
traditional. And it is at the same time what makes a writer most acutely
conscious of his place in time, of his own contemporaneity.
I don’t aspire to write
like Achebe, or Ngugi or Bessie Head, but understanding them and the history
and aesthetics that shaped their work improves and also shapes my work. This is not mere copying or imitation, it is not indulging in what
Eliot calls mere “archeological reconstruction”, it is having a sense of
tradition. The beauty of it, as Eliot again points out, is that a
contemporaneous work always alters the meaning and the perception of works that
came before it, for in a canon no work is greater, none is better, they just
make use of different materials.
The best metaphor
to describe this idea would be that of a building, built over many generations,
each generation doing its own part. Some clears the site for the building,
another generation lays the foundation, yet another generation raises the
walls, another comes and lays the roof, and so on, with plumbers and
electricians and fitters and furniture builders, all doing their part. But what
is important is that none is more important or less important that the other.
They all build with the same keenness, the same purpose; they simply use
different materials and different skill sets.
But of course in
this age of superstar writers and commodification of literature it makes sense
to try to stand out, to be different and thereby raise the value of ones stock.
But again, a word of caution from Eliot (I am quoting him for the last time, I
promise): “No poet, no artist of any art, has his
complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the appreciation
of his relation to the dead poets and artists.”
 |
| Toni Morrison |
Toni Morrison, in her
brilliant essay, “Rootedness: The Ancestor as Foundation” shows this awareness
of an obligation, a duty to what she calls the community, or the “village”, and
goes on to say that whatever she writes if it means nothing to the village,
then it is worthless. We all have to decide who and what that village or
community is for us. This is not a circumscribing of freedom, but actually a
setting free, for no artist is ever free who is without a sense of belonging, a
sense of history.
